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01Paper 1 - The Move to Global War
- The impact of Japanese nationalism and militarism on foreign policyHL / SLFree forever
- Japanese expansion in East Asia - Causes of expansionHL / SLFree forever
- Japanese expansion in East Asia - Events and ResponsesHL / SL
- German and Italian Expansion (1933-1940) - Causes of expansionHL / SL
- German expansion - Events and ResponsesHL / SL
- Italian expansion - Events and ResponsesHL / SL
02Paper 1 - Rights and Protest
- Civil rights movement in the United States - Nature and characteristics of discriminationHL / SL
- Civil rights movement in the United States - Protests and actionHL / SL
- Civil rights movement in the United States - The role and significance of key actors/groupsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Apartheid South Africa - Nature and characteristics of discriminationHL / SL
- Apartheid South Africa - Protests and actionHL / SL
- Apartheid South Africa - The role and significance of key actors/groupsHL / SL
03Paper 1 - Conflict and Intervention
- Rwanda - Causes of the conflictHL / SL
- Rwanda - Course and interventionsHL / SL
- Rwanda - ImpactHL / SL
- Kosovo - Causes of the conflictHL / SL
- Kosovo - Course and interventionsHL / SL
- Kosovo - ImpactHL / SL
04Paper 2 - (750-1500)
05Paper 2 - (1400-1700)
06Paper 2 - Industrialization
07Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of Early Modern Wars
- Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500–1750)Open in Library ↗HL / SL
- Ethiopian-Adal War (1529-1543) - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Ethiopian-Adal War (1529-1543) - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Ethiopian-Adal War (1529-1543) - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Ottoman-Mamluk War (1516-1517) - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Ottoman-Mamluk War (1516-1517) - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Ottoman-Mamluk War (1516-1517) - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire (1591) - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire (1591) - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire (1591) - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Acadian Civil War (1640-1645) - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Acadian Civil War (1640-1645) - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Acadian Civil War (1640-1645) - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Beaver Wars (mid-17th century) - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Beaver Wars (mid-17th century) - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Beaver Wars (mid-17th century) - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Incan Empires - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Pueblo Revolt (1680) - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Pueblo Revolt (1680) - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Pueblo Revolt (1680) - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Mughal conquests - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Mughal conquests - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Mughal conquests - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549) - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549) - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Burmese-Siamese War (1547-1549) - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Qing conquest of Ming China - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Qing conquest of Ming China - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Qing conquest of Ming China - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648) - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648) - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648) - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Russo-Swedish War (1554-1557) - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Russo-Swedish War (1554-1557) - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Russo-Swedish War (1554-1557) - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Great Northern War (1700-1721) - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Great Northern War (1700-1721) - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Great Northern War (1700-1721) - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- English Civil War (1642-1651) - Causes of conflictsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- English Civil War (1642-1651) - Practices and impact on outcomeOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- English Civil War (1642-1651) - EffectsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
08Paper 2 - Independence Movements
09Paper 2 - Emergence and Development of Democratic States
- Emergence and development of democratic states (1848–2000)HL / SL
- GermanyHL / SL
- IndiaOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- USAHL / SL
- South AfricaHL / SL
10Paper 2 - Authoritarian States
11Paper 2 - Causes and Effects of 20th Century Wars
- Causes and effects of 20th-century warsHL / SL
- Interstate WarsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
- Civil WarsHL / SL
- Guerrilla WarsOpen in Library ↗HL / SL
12Paper 2 - The Cold War: Superpower Tensions and Rivalries
13Paper 3 - History of Europe
- Section 1: Monarchies in England and France (1066–1223)HL / SL
- Section 2: Muslims and Jews in Medieval Europe (1095–1492)HL / SL
- Section 3: Late Medieval Political Crises (1300–1487)HL / SL
- Section 4: The Renaissance (c1400–1600)HL / SL
- Section 5: The Age of Exploration and Its Impact (1400–1550)HL / SL
- Section 6: Aspects of the Reformation (c1500–1563)HL / SL
- Section 7: Absolutism and Enlightenment (1650–1800)HL / SL
- Section 8: The French Revolution and Napoleon I (1774–1815)HL / SL
- Section 9: France (1815–1914)HL / SL
- Section 10: Society, Politics & Economy in Britain and Ireland (1815–1914)HL / SL
- Section 11: Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890)HL / SL
- Section 12: Imperial Russia, Revolution and the Establishment of the Soviet Union (1855–1924)HL / SL
- Section 13: Europe and the First World War (1871–1918)HL / SL
- Section 14: Inter-war Domestic Developments in European states (1918–1939)HL / SL
- Section 15: Diplomacy in Europe (1919–1945)HL / SL
- Section 16: The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia (1924–2000)HL / SL
- Section 17: Post-War Western and Northern Europe (1945–2000)HL / SL
- Section 18: Post-War Central and Eastern Europe (1945–2000)HL / SL
14Paper 3 - History of the Americas
- Section 1: Indigenous societies and cultures in the Americas (c750–1500)HL / SL
- Section 2: European explorations and conquests in the Americas (c1492–c1600)HL / SL
- Section 3: Colonial government in the New World (1500–1800)HL / SL
- Section 4: Religion in the New World (1500–1800)HL / SL
- Section 5: Slavery and the New World (1500–1800)HL / SL
- Section 6: Independence Movements (1763–1830)HL / SL
- Section 7: Nation-building and Challenges (1780–1870)HL / SL
- Section 8: US Civil War (1840–1877)HL / SL
- Section 9: The Development of Modern Nations (1865–1929)HL / SL
- Section 10: Emergence of the Americas in global affairs (1880–1929)HL / SL
- Section 11: The Mexican Revolution (1884–1940)HL / SL
- Section 12: The Great Depression and the Americas (mid 1920s–1939)HL / SL
- Section 13: The Second World War and the Americas (1933–1945)HL / SL
- Section 14: Political Developments in Latin America (1945–1980)Open in Library ↗HL / SL
- Section 15: Political developments in the United States (1945–1980) and Canada (1945–1982)HL / SL
- Section 16: The Cold War and the Americas (1945–1981)HL / SL
- Section 17: Civil rights and social movements in the Americas post-1945HL / SL
- Section 18: The Americas (1980–2005)HL / SL
15Paper 3 - History of Africa and the Middle East
16Paper 3 - History of Asia and Oceania
- Section 1: Trade & Exchange: The Silk Road in the Medieval WorldHL / SL
- Section 2: Japan in the Age of the Samurai (1180–1333)HL / SL
- Section 3: Exploration, trade and interaction in East Asia & South-East Asia (1405–1700)Open in Library ↗HL / SL
- Section 4: The Rise & Fall of the Mughal Empire (1526–1712)HL / SL
- Section 5: Colonialism and Nationalism in South-East AsiaHL / SL
- Section 6: India, Afghanistan and Burma (1750–1919)HL / SL
- Section 7: Challenges to Traditional East Asian Societies (1700–1868)HL / SL
- Section 8: British Colonialism & Emerging National Identities in Oceania (1788–1919)HL / SL
- Section 9: Early Modernization & Imperial Decline in East Asia (1860–1912)HL / SL
- Section 10: Nationalism & Independence in India (1919–1964)HL / SL
- Section 11: Japan (1912–1990)HL / SL
- Section 12: China and Korea (1910–1950)HL / SL
- Section 13: Impact of the Second World War on South-East AsiaHL / SL
- Section 14: The People’s Republic of China (1949–2005)HL / SL
- Section 15: Cold War Conflicts in AsiaHL / SL
- Section 16: Developments and Challenges in South Asia after 1947HL / SL
- Section 17: Oceania after the Second World War (1945–2005)HL / SL
- Section 18: Asia (excluding China, Japan and India) (1980–2005)HL / SL
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Emperor's Sovereign Authority under the Meiji Constitution (1/4)
The Meiji Constitution, promulgated in 1889, is the essential starting point for understanding why civilian control over Japan's military collapsed so completely by the 1930s. On paper, the constitution created a modern parliament, the Diet, with an elected lower house. In practice, it declared the Emperor to be sacred and inviolable, the source of all sovereign authority in the state. Ministers were answerable to the Emperor, not to the Diet, and the Emperor's powers included command of the armed forces, the ability to declare war, and the right to issue ordinances. This was not democratic sovereignty dressed in constitutional language -- it was monarchical sovereignty with a parliamentary facade.